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Definition: Boxer Rebellion from The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide

Rebellion of 1900 by the Chinese nationalist Boxer society against Western influence. European and US legations in Beijing (Peking) were besieged and many missionaries and Europeans were killed. An international punitive force was dispatched and Beijing was captured on 14 August 1900. In September 1901 China agreed to pay reperations.

Boxer Uprising

From The Columbia Encyclopedia
1898–1900, antiforeign movement in China, culminating in a desperate uprising against Westerners and Western influence. By the end of the 19th cent. the Western powers and Japan had established wide interests in China. The Opium War (1839–42), which Great Britain had provoked, forced China to grant commercial concessions (see treaty port ) and to recognize the principle of extraterritoriality . The concessions to Great Britain were soon followed by similar ones to France, Germany, and Russia. The Ch'ing regime, already weakened by European encroachments, was more enfeebled by Japan's success in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–95) and the subsequent further partitioning of China into foreign spheres of influence. The Ch'ing emperor, Kuang-hsu , attempted to meet the imperialist threat by adopting modern educational and administrative reforms, but he stirred conservative opposition and was frustrated (1898) by the dowager empress, Tz'u Hsi , who, favoring a last effort to expel foreign…
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Full text Article Boxer Uprising

From The Columbia Encyclopedia
1898–1900, antiforeign movement in China, culminating in a desperate uprising against Westerners and Western influence. By the end of the 19th cent. the Western powers and Japan had established wide interests in China. The Opium War (1839–42), which Great Britain had provoked, forced China to grant…
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Full text Article Boxer Protocol

From Encyclopedia of Chinese-American Relations
The Boxer Protocol was signed on September 7, 1901 by the Qing government with foreign powers after the end of the Boxer Uprising. The terms of the Protocol were mainly punitive. Those pro-Boxer officials were severely punished. The foreign powers demanded the death of eleven senior Chinese…
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Full text Article Chang Chih-tung

From The Columbia Encyclopedia
(jäng' jûr'-dʊng'), 1837–1909, Chinese Ch'ing dynasty statesman and educational reformer. He occupied the high post of governor-general for over two decades, first of Guangdong and Guangxi provs. (1884–89), and later of Hunan and Hubei provs. (1889–1907). In that position he vigorously pressed the…
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Full text Article Yüan Shih-kai

From The Columbia Encyclopedia
(yüän' shē'-kī'), 1859–1916, president of China (1912–16). From 1885 to 1894 he was the Chinese resident in Korea, then under Chinese suzerainty. He supported the dowager empress, Tz'u Hsi, against the reform movement (1898) of Emperor Kuang Hsü, and she rewarded him with the vice regency of Zhili…
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Also known as: Boxer Uprising 1899–1901 The Boxer Rebellion in China was the culmination of the reactionary policies of the dowager empress Cixi (Tz'u-hsi) after she crushed the reform movement of 1898 and imprisoned Emperor Guangxu (Kuang-hsu), who had advocated the thoroughgoing reforms. The…
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Full text Article Boxer Rising, 1900.

From The Oxford Companion to British History
The spread of European influence led to strong anti-foreign feelings in northern China. Encouraged by Dowager Empress Tzu Hsi, young Chinese formed an organization called the Society of Harmonious Fists or ‘Boxers’. They attacked converts to Christianity, missionaries, and workers on…
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Full text Article Ch’iu Chin

From The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Women's Biography
Chinese revolutionary. She was the youngest child of a government lawyer. She received a classical education and became a talented poet. At the age of 18, after an arranged marriage to Wang T’ing-Chun, she moved to Peking. There she became involved in the opposition to the Manchu rulers following…
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Full text Article Triad Society

From The Columbia Encyclopedia
name given to a number of Chinese antidynastic secret societies by 19th-century Western observers. Most of these groups claimed descent from the Heaven and Earth Society (Taendi hui) or the Triad Society (Sanhe hui), two secret societies of the late 17th cent. that had originated in Fujian prov. The…
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Full text Article diplomatic quarter

From The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Diplomacy
The area within certain * capital cities where foreign states are required, encouraged, or simply choose to maintain their * diplomatic missions. For example, from the end of the sixteenth century until the 1920s the foreign embassies in Constantinople (Istanbul) were concentrated in Pera on the…
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Full text Article Tz'u Hsi

From The Columbia Encyclopedia
Tsu Hsi, Tse Hsi, or Cixi (all: tsʊ shē), 1834–1908, dowager empress of China (1861–1908) and regent (1861–73, 1874–89, 1898–1908). Her failure to realize the gravity of the foreign threat to China kept her from wholeheartedly supporting modernization, thus driving reformers into opposition to the…
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