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Clinical Trials

From Encyclopedia of Epidemiology
Clinical trials are experimental studies performed mainly on humans, but sometimes on animals, tissues, and cultures as well, to assess the effectiveness and safety of an intervention under investigation such as a new drug, diagnostic procedure, surgical procedure, prophylactic procedure, or screening program. There are many types of clinical trials. This entry focuses on randomized controlled clinical trials and randomized crossover designs for studying treatment effects. Rigorously designed clinical trials such as randomized concurrently controlled clinical trials conducted with human subjects, usually patients, have become well established as the scientific method based on empirical evidence that investigators must use to assess new treatments if their claims are to find widespread acceptance. Clinical trials have become indispensable in discovering new techniques to prevent and treat diseases, and their applications have been largely responsible for the compression of morbidity and…
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Full text Article Clinical Trials

From Encyclopedia of Women's Health
Clinical trials are a form of medical research involving human participants. What follows is a brief overview about what clinical trials are and why they are done, important considerations for individuals considering participation in clinical trials, and a history of women and clinical trials. The…
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Full text Article Clinical Trial

From Dictionary of Nursing Theory and Research
The term clinical trial is a catchall designation for any experiment in the health care field that is concerned with some sort of ‘treatment’ (usually a drug, a vaccine, or a new therapy, although there are many clinical trials that have been carried out in nursing and health research that do not…
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Full text Article Clinical Trials

From Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health
Clinical trials are research studies on new treatments or comparing of treatments and other medical questions. Clinical trials use human subjects. A clinical study is one that conducts research on human volunteers. Two types of clinical studies are conducted in the United States. One is a clinical…
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Full text Article Clinical Trials

From The Gale Encyclopedia of Senior Health
A clinical trial is a type of research in which participants are assigned to receive medical, surgical, or behavioral interventions for the purpose of evaluating the effects of those interventions on health. These trials, which test new treatments, drugs, or devices, are important for all medical…
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Full text Article CLINICAL TRIALS

From Encyclopedia of Nursing Research
Keywords: clinical trial, mega- trial, meta-analysis, nonrandomized studies, nursing research, quality of life, randomized trial, sample size, Clinical Trial, Meta-Analysis, Nursing Research, Quality of Life, Randomized Controlled Trial, Sample Size A clinical trial is a prospective controlled…
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Full text Article Clinical Trials

From Black's Medical Dictionary, 43rd Edition
Research aimed to evaluate the relative effects of different health-care interventions, based on the idea that there must a fair comparison of the alternatives in order to know which is better. Threats to a fair comparison include the play of chance and bias, both of which can cause people to draw…
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Full text Article CLINICAL TRIALS

From Epilepsy A to Z: A Concise Encyclopedia
Antiepileptic drug development has ranged from serendipity to designer AEDs based upon proposed pharmacologic mechanisms. Since the 1960s AED development has been required through clinical testing to demonstrate efficacy prior to marketing. Animal models have been utilized to screen potential AEDs…
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Full text Article Clinical Trials: Part I

From Harvard Medical School Commentaries on Health
Background Enrolling in a clinical trial is not something that should be done lightly or without a good deal of thought. While there may be advantages to you, your family and to society, there are likely to be risks as well. People enroll in clinical trials for a variety of reasons. Some are seeking…
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Full text Article Clinical Trials Part II

From Harvard Medical School Commentaries on Health
Last month I wrote about clinical trials -- what they are and how they are run. In this column I will discuss making the decision to participate in a trial and what you should know going in. The decision to enroll in a clinical trial is one that should only be made after you have done a bit of…
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Full text Article Clinical Trials

From The Big Idea: How Breakthroughs of the Past Shape the Future Full text Article Health & Medicine
Date: 1747 Scurvy among mariners in the 18th century provided the context for a simple but foundational clinical trial testing remedies for this puzzling disease. The problem of scurvy at sea also offers an excellent illustration for why experimental trials are indispensable. As early as the Middle…
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