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Definition: cloning from Cambridge Dictionary of Human Biology and Evolution
1.

Creation of a collection of genetically identical individuals that have been derived from, and are identical to, a single parent; aka whole organism cloning.

2.

In biotechnology, cloning usually involves growing genetically identical cloning vectors or host cells — usually bacteria, yeast, or nonhuman mammalian cells grown in culture — which all contain the same piece of inserted recombinant DNA, including the target gene. See genetic engineering.


Cloning

From Encyclopedia of Death and the Human Experience
The concept cloning refers to artificial embryo twinning, somatic cell nuclear transfer, and removing stem cells from embryos and adult individuals to be used to “grow” tissues, organs, or individuals. Embryonic cloning involves using an electric current or other technique to split a preembryo into two, each of which has the potential, under optimal circumstances, of gestation and parturition to develop into a member of the species. The more powerful technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer involves the removal of the nucleus of an unfertilized ovum and replacing it with the nucleus of a somatic cell, such as a skin cell, and then using a small electric current to cause these combined elements to reverse the specialization and revert to stem cell status. The resultant cell is somewhat like a fertilized ovum, except that the bulk of its DNA is that of the donor organism with the exception of the mitochondrial DNA that comes from the ovum. Finally, one goal of human therapeutic cloning…
2,329 results

Full text Article Cloning: Plants – Micropropagation/Tissue Culture

From Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems
(a) and (b) Shoot forcing technology....
Abstract Clonal micropropagation is the multiplication of the buds and shoots that occur in leaf axils on a defined nutrient medium in an aseptic in vitro environment. The resulting shoots are either subdivided for continued multiplication or rooted and acclimatized to the greenhouse or field. …
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Full text Article Plant Cloning: Macropropagation

From Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems
A marcott set on a vertical shoot from a...
Abstract Techniques of macropropagation have been used for millennia; however, it was difficult to identify clear principles applying to all species. Research over the past 20–30 years has provided better understanding of the numerous pre and postseverance interacting factors – both morphological…
| 7,812 words , 8 images
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Full text Article Cloning Animals by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transplantation

From Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems
Cloning animals by nuclear...
Abstract Production of animals by somatic cell nuclear transfer/cloning offers a range of opportunities in agriculture, genetic conservation, basic and applied research, and human medicine. The major obstacle to using reproductive cloning for large-scale applications is the low efficiency of the…
| 8,352 words , 4 images
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The use of the word “cloning” is fraught with confusion and inconsistency, and it is important at the outset of this discussion to offer definitional clarification. For instance, in the 1997 article by Ian Wilmut and colleagues announcing the birth of the first cloned adult vertebrate (a ewe, Dolly…
| 1,206 words
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Full text Article cloning (of DNA)

From Dictionary of Microbiology & Molecular Biology
CLONING: insertion of a gene (or other ‘foreign’...
A procedure (also called gene cloning or molecular cloning ) used for obtaining millions of copies of a given gene (or other piece of DNA); copies of the (cloned) DNA may be used e.g. for sequence analysis (see DNA SEQUENCING ) or for synthesis of the product encoded by the sequence (see EXPRESSION…
| 1,406 words , 1 image
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Full text Article Mammal Cloning

From The Big Idea: How Breakthroughs of the Past Shape the Future Full text Article Biology & the Environment
Date: 1996 In 1996 scientists announced the birth of Dolly the sheep, the world's first cloned mammal. Scottish biologist Ian Wilmut created Dolly by using a process called nuclear transfer: The cell nucleus from an adult cell (in this case, a mammary cell) was transferred into an unfertilized egg…
| 226 words
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Full text Article Cloning

From The Big Idea: How Breakthroughs of the Past Shape the Future Full text Article Biology & the Environment
Date: 1962 The quest to clone organisms began in the 1880s when scientists experimented with embryos, trying to discover how genetic material inside cells worked. There were some minor successes in the 1940s, but it was not until 1952 that the first animals—northern leopard frogs—were successfully…
| 166 words
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Full text Article clone

From The Columbia Encyclopedia
group of organisms, all of which are descended from a single individual through asexual reproduction, as in a pure cell culture of bacteria. Except for changes in the hereditary material that come about by mutation , all members of a clone are genetically identical. In 1962 John Gurdon was the first…
| 430 words
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Full text Article Cloning

From The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology
In the biological sciences, the word cloning has been applied to a variety of phenomena. In the early twentieth century, botanists began using the word cloning to describe the asexual copying, or budding, of a plant. Soon after, microbiologists adopted the term “clone” to describe populations of…
| 763 words
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Full text Article clone

From The Macquarie Dictionary
cloned, cloning to bring about the asexual reproduction of (an individual), as by implanting the nucleus of a body cell from a donor individual into an egg cell from which the nucleus has been removed, and allowing the egg cell to develop, the resulting individual being identical with the donor, but…
| 195 words
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