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Cooperation and Competition

From Encyclopedia of Human Relationships
Cooperation and competition are basic properties of human social life. Whenever an individual interacts with relatives, friends, intimate partners, or business associates, their relationship will normally contain a mixture of cooperative and competitive elements (i.e., mixed-motive interactions). On the one hand, people take pleasure and pride in collaborating with others to achieve mutual goals such as raising children, creating a successful business, or winning a sports match. On the other hand, people often compete with each other to get credits for joint achievements. Cooperation can be broadly defined as a motivation to further joint interests (e.g., doing well together), whereas competition concerns a motivation to maximize personal interests relative to that of others (e.g., doing better than others). Cooperation and competition can be thought of as two contrasting motivational or behavioral strategies employed in situations in which people's outcomes are mutually dependent. …
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Full text Article competition

From The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology
A competitive situation is one where individuals with different and opposed interests seek to maximize their own advantages or rewards. In economic theory, the competition between buyers and sellers of commodities in the market is held to reduce prices, equalize profits in different enterprises and…
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Full text Article Competition

From World of Sociology, Gale
Competition is broadly defined as attempts by individuals or groups to gain an end, often some kind of resource, under the restrictive condition that not all parties will have access or complete access to that end. To accomplish these ends, the mechanism of competition may be direct or indirect, and…
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Full text Article competition

From Collins Dictionary of Sociology
any action in which one person or group vies with one or more other persons or groups to achieve an end, especially where the outcomes sought are scarce and not all can be successful in achieving these. Competition may be direct or indirect; it may or may not be normatively or socially regulated. In…
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General Overview of Cooperation and Conflict Framework for Presentation of Research Defining Research Peace Science and the Study of International Conflict - Selected Research and Theory Peaceful Societies Current Conflict Domains Future Research and Methodology…
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Full text Article competition

From Encyclopedia of Ethics
As the sea is to the fish, so competition is to life. It is the formative medium through which life moves, reproduces, and dies. If we ask what form or bearer of life is not the result of competition, we are hard pressed to find an exception. Competition is like time: we seem unable to exist outside…
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Full text Article Competition

From Encyclopedia of World Trade: From Ancient Times to the Present Full text Article A-Z Entries
Rivalry among two or more people or groups of people for a given prize, referring to anything from a sporting event to the pursuit of economic gain to species survival. Competition is a political and social goal, as well as an economic one, with some possible resulting conflict among these various…
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Full text Article Competition

From QFinance: The Ultimate Resource
It is easier to see the joy of competition if you are the one getting the prizes. Kellaway, Lucy . Financial Times (London) (June 12, 2011). Microsoft has had clear competitors in the past. It’s a good thing we have museums to document that. Gates, Bill . Speech, Computer History Museum (October…
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Full text Article competition

From The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide
In ecology, the interaction between two or more organisms, or groups of organisms, that use a common resource in short supply. There can be competition between members of the same species and competition between members of different species. Competition invariably results in a reduction in the…
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Full text Article competition

From Collins Dictionary of Business
the process of active rivalry between the sellers of a particular product as they seek to win and retain buyer demand for their offerings. Competition can take a number of forms including price cutting, ADVERTISING and SALES PROMOTION , quality variations, packaging and design, and market…
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Full text Article competition

From Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Political Thought
A process in which many agents rival one another, e.g. to sell their products or their labour. The general precondition of a market economy, competition clearly admits of degrees, and hence for the sake of economic analysis is studied in relation to an ideal of ‘perfect competition’, in comparison…
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