Diseases that encompass congenital malformations and their respective physiologic disturbances affect nearly 1 in 3,000 or 0.1 to 2 percent of all live births. Genetics and environmental factors contribute to the significant worldwide incidence of these defects. Some of the environmental factors investigated include intrauterine environment, cardiotoxic medications or substances consumed by the pregnant mother, maternal age, and birth order. Low birth weight, folate deficiency, and maternal infection such as rubella are contributory, if not causative, of congenital heart disease in developing nations. Congenital heart diseases caused by malformation can be classified into three discrete groups. Defects causing impaired oxygen transfer from the lungs to the heart, or hypoxemia, include transposition of the great arteries (TGA), tetralogy of Fallot (TF), hypoplastic right-heart syndrome, and critical pulmonary stenosis. Second, those malformations impairing the flow or perfusion of…