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GENDER

From International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities
The concept of gender relates to the relationships between men and women, and to the way members of society are divided into the two groups based on their assigned biological sex at birth. These groups are allocated different gendered attributes and social roles which affect all features of social life. The concept of gender embodies cultural attributes and definitions relating to masculinity and femininity as well as the sexual division of labour (Bradley 1999). Gender thus refers to cultural specific patterns of behaviour which are identified as masculine or feminine. It is socially constructed and differs across social classes, cultural and ethnic groups within the same society, as well as from one society to another. Gender also relates to ways in which different life chances and life choices are assigned within different social groups. Representational practices based on gender define and possess a power to establish normal behaviours (Weedon 1997). Children, as members of a…
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Full text Article Gender

From The Sage Dictionary of Cultural Studies
The notion of gender can be understood to be referring to the cultural assumptions and practices that govern the social construction of men, women and their social relations. The concept gains much of its force through a contrast with a conception of sex as the biological formation of the body. …
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Full text Article Gender

From Critical Terms for Art History
Edgar Degas, Young Spartans, ca. 1860. Art...
The essential feature of gender in representation is not so much “difference,” as we are often told, but “agreement.” To focus on agreement, as I will do here, enables us to deal not only with the genders depicted in a representation (for example, images of women) and with their relations of…
| 6,160 words , 2 images
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Full text Article gender

From Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology
For many students of society , gender is the most important form of social division, far more important than social class or race and ethnicity in the impact that it makes on individual lives. Yet the history of the concept of gender is not a long one; unlike the concept of class, the idea of gender…
| 4,242 words
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Full text Article GENDER

From Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760-1850
The philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, arguably the first of the Romantics, describes in his educational tract Émile (1762) the faltering attempts of a young girl to learn to write. She practices repeatedly the formation of the letter O and is absorbed in her task until she catches sight of herself…
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Full text Article gender

From The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology
If the sex of a person is biologically determined, the gender of a person is culturally and socially constructed. There are thus two sexes (male and female) and two genders (masculine and feminine). The principal theoretical and political issue is whether gender as a socially constructed phenomenon…
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Until fairly recently, it was accepted that most victims of elder abuse were women (Wolf, Strugnell, & Godkin, 1982; O'Malley, 1987). One of the explanations given for this gender factor was that there is a proportionately larger number of elderly women than there are elderly men, and therefore…
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Full text Article gender

From The American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style
In grammar, gender is a category used in the selection or agreement of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives with modifiers, words being referred to, or grammatical forms. Grammatical gender may be arbitrary, or it may be based on characteristics such as sex or the quality of being animate. In English, …
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Full text Article Gender

From Encyclopedia of Women's Health
There is controversy over how gender is defined and in the distinction between the terms gender and sex. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines gender as “the behavioral, cultural, and psychological traits typically associated with one's sex.” Interestingly, the definition of sex encompasses “the…
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Full text Article GENDER

From The Edinburgh International Encyclopaedia of Psychoanalysis
The concept of gender (though not yet the term itself) emerged as a site of critical awareness only with the publication of Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex in 1949. It was not until John Money’s empirical work on hermaphroditic children in the 1950s that gender was formally conceived as separate…
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Full text Article Genderism

From The SAGE Encyclopedia of Trans Studies
Genderism is the cultural belief or ideology that gender nonconformity or incongruence is negative. It is a bias that results from believing that gender is a binary construct, that someone is either a man or a woman. This ideology is now widely understood as oppressive and harmful, not just to…
| 1,086 words
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