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patronage

From The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide
Power to give a favoured appointment to an office or position in politics, business, or the church; or sponsorship of the arts. Patronage was for centuries bestowed mainly by individuals (in Europe often royal or noble) or by the church. In the 20th century, patrons have tended to be political parties, the state, and – in the arts – private industry and foundations. In Britain, where it was nicknamed ‘Old Corruption’, patronage existed in the 16th century, but was most common from the Restoration of 1660 to the 19th century, when it was used to manage elections and ensure party support. Patronage was used not only for the preferment of friends, but also as a means of social justice, often favouring, for example, the families of those in adversity. Political patronage has largely been replaced by a system of meritocracy (in which selection is by open competition rather than by personal recommendation). Ecclesiastical patronage was the right of selecting a person to a living or benefice, …
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Full text Article patronage

From Encyclopedia of the American Presidency
Patronage is the appointment of supporters or party members to government posts as a reward for services or help in the previous election. Since the time of President Andrew Jackson, who is credited with introducing a "spoils system" (to the victor go the spoils), patronage has been a common feature…
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Full text Article patronage

From Encyclopedia of American Political Parties and Elections
Patronage refers to an informal system of social organization characterized by reciprocal and unequal transactions between rulers and ruled, involving the exchange of political rights and social and economic benefits. Patronage operates informally, in highly personal, familiar, traditional, and…
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Full text Article patronage

From The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide
Power to give a favoured appointment to an office or position in politics, business, or the church; or sponsorship of the arts. Patronage was for centuries bestowed mainly by individuals (in Europe often royal or noble) or by the church. In the 20th century, patrons have tended to be political…
| 315 words
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Full text Article PATRONAGE

From The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics
I. Noble Patronage II. Subscriptions III. Printing and the Market IV. Twentiethand Twenty-First-Century Patronage The word patronage entered the Eng. lang. around the end of the 13th c. and was used mainly in the context of the Church, denoting assistance offered to a member of the clergy who sought…
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Full text Article Patronage

From American Governance
Patronage refers to the practice of awarding government employment opportunities and tangible benefits in exchange for political service. Although usually awarded to individuals for their support during elections, such favors can also be given in return for the electoral support of whole groups, …
| 315 words
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Full text Article Patronage

From The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History
Patronage is as old as politics itself. Indeed, since Roman times, different kinds of patronage arrangements have existed in a range of societies, and many theorists have remarked upon their connection to the practice of politics. In writing The Prince , for example, Niccolò Machiavelli set out to…
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Full text Article patronage

From Encyclopedia of American Government and Civics
Patronage, sometimes referred to as the spoils system, generally means supporting or giving a job or favors to someone (usually a loyal member of a political party) as a reward for help in an election campaign. After victory, the winning candidate or party rewards supporters by placing them in plum…
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Full text Article patronage

From Encyclopedia of Renaissance Literature
Before a royalty system made it possible for some writers to support themselves with their pens, many authors found it necessary to depend on the support of wealthy persons, who were often members of the aristocracy, in order to pursue their literary craft. Ariosto and Boiardo in Italy, for…
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Full text Article Political Patronage

From The Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice
Political patronage is the practice of rewarding supporters of a political leader, party, or organization with jobs, contracts, licenses, or other forms of payment or assistance. Until the late nineteenth century patronage was not only legal in the United States, it was a widely accepted means of…
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Full text Article patronage, artistic.

From The Oxford Companion to British History
Patronage goes beyond the act of purchasing art. Traditionally a patron offered the means of support to the artist, a home, a pension or place, as well as specific payments. The monarchy, church, and aristocracy were the great patrons of medieval architecture, art, and music: Edward the Confessor…
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