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Pledge of Allegiance

From The Columbia Encyclopedia
in full, Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, oath that proclaims loyalty to the United States. and its national symbol. It reads: “I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.” According to the U.S. flag code, it should be recited while standing at attention with the right hand over the heart; military personnel must salute. The pledge first appeared, in a slightly different form, in a mass-circulation magazine for young people, The Youth's Companion , in the Sept. 8, 1892, issue. Authorship has been ascribed to Francis Bellamy (1855–1931), cousin of Edward Bellamy and a socialist, former Baptist minister, and magazine staff member. A month later the pledge was first used publicly in school ceremonies celebrating Columbus Day. In 1924 the oath's wording was changed slightly (the original “my flag” became “the flag of the United…
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Full text Article PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE

From Encyclopedia of Religion and the Law in America
Since 1954, the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag is: I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.” Custom and usage dictate that the pledge should be rendered by standing…
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Full text Article Pledge of Allegiance

From The Columbia Encyclopedia
in full, Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, oath that proclaims loyalty to the United States. and its national symbol. It reads: “I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, …
| 345 words
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Full text Article Pledge of Allegiance

From Dictionary of American Government and Politics
The Pledge of Allegiance is a promise or oath of allegiance to the United States and its national flag. It is commonly recited in unison at public events. It is often a morning ritual in school classrooms. In its present form, it reads: 'I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of…
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Prayer and the Pledge of Allegiance in public schools remain controversial legal issues. Since the mid-twentieth century, the federal courts have placed limits upon state power to require or even permit these popular cultural practices. Two landmark Supreme Court decisions in the 1960s banned prayer…
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Full text Article Pledge of Allegiance

From The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Houghton Mifflin
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Full text Article allegiance

From The Columbia Encyclopedia
in political terms, the tie that binds an individual to another individual or institution. The term usually refers to a person's legal obligation of obedience to a government in return for the protection of that government, although it may have reference to any institution that one is bound to…
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Full text Article Flag

From Encyclopedia of American Studies
Elmhurst flag day, June 18, 1939, Du Page County...
Of all its national symbols the flag of the United States is arguably the country's most politically and visually evocative icon. Whether appearing on clothing and ot... …
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Full text Article American Civil Religion

From Culture Wars in America: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices
Civil religion is a sociological and political construct that consists of the intertwining of religion and patriotism and whose expression in the contemporary United States is much related to notions of American exceptionalism. American civil religion became a topic of the culture wars beginning in…
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Full text Article separation of church and state in the United States

From Encyclopedia of World Religions: Encyclopedia of Protestantism
The Bill of Rights became part of the United States Constitution on December 15, 1791, including its famous First Amendment statement, “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.” A decade later, on January 1, 1802, in a letter to…
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