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socialism

From The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide
Movement aiming to establish a classless society by substituting public for private ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange. The term has been used to describe positions as widely apart as anarchism and social democracy. Socialist ideas appeared in classical times, in early Christianity, among later Christian sects such as the Anabaptists and Diggers , and, in the 18th and early 19th centuries, when they were put forward as systematic political aims by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Claude Saint-Simon, François Fourier, and Robert Owen, among others. Socialist theories were also promoted by the German social and political philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels . The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw a division between those who reacted against Marxism, leading to social-democratic parties, and those who emphasized the original revolutionary significance of Marx's teachings. Weakened by these divisions, the second International (founded in 1889) collapsed…
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Full text Article socialism

From Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology
Socialists come in so many shapes and forms that some argue that there is no socialism: there are only socialisms. Despite differences over questions of religion , nationalism , parliament, democracy , and liberalism , all socialists have an optimistic view of human nature, stress the importance of…
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Full text Article Socialism

From World of Sociology, Gale
Eugene V. Debs and the American Socialist Party...
Socialism is a political and economic system in which the distribution and use of property and capital are determined by the common good and individual rights must be subordinated to this cause. The term was first applied in Great Britain and France in the 1820s, and in 1841 the followers of Robert…
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Full text Article socialism

From Political Philosophy A-Z
Socialism is a term that now refers to a diffuse family of ideological positions associated with the political left. Amongst the common features of this family of views is: some sort of commitment to common ownership of the means of production, a commitment to equality and, more specifically, often…
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From Philip's Encyclopedia
System of social and economic organization in which the means of production are owned not by private individuals but by the community, in order that all may share more fairly in the wealth produced. Modern socialism dates from the late 18th-early 19th centuries. With the Revolutions of 1848 , …
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From The Columbia Encyclopedia
general term for the political and economic theory that advocates a system of collective or government ownership and management of the means of production and distribution of goods. Because of the collective nature of socialism, it is to be contrasted to the doctrine of the sanctity of private…
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From Encyclopedia of African-American Politics
Socialism is an ideology that advocates government ownership or regulation of the means of production and the distribution of goods and services in order to achieve equality. The basic aim of socialism is to replace or modify the private ownership of the economy (basic industry, finance, …
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From Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History
This 1908 photograph shows Eugene Debs. In the...
Socialism is an umbrella term that refers to a range of socioeconomic doctrines based on a critique of capitalism and a commitment to creating an egalitarian society, including experimental utopian communities, anarchism, Marxism, social democracy, syndicalism, trade unionism, and Christian…
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Full text Article Socialism

From Encyclopedia of American Studies
The Bede-Siedel Debate: on Socialism. Redpath...
In the middle of the twentieth century and in the mi... …
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From Encyclopedia of American Government and Civics
Socialism is a model of political economy centered on public control of significant means of production, stressing regulation of markets and reduction of material inequalities in order to expand possibilities for the free development of each individual. The modern movements for socialism have been…
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Socialism was a term first used in the early 19th century in western Europe. Its exponents were primarily French and British. The Industrial Revolution changed Europe by making the aristocracy largely irrelevant, raising the capitalist bourgeoisie into wealth and power and moving the old peasant…
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