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Stoicism

From The Columbia Encyclopedia
(stō'ĭsĭzӘm), school of philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium (in Cyprus) c.300 B.C. The first Stoics were so called because they met in the Stoa Poecile [Gr.,=painted porch], at Athens, a colonnade near the Agora, to hear their master Zeno lecture. He had studied with Crates the Cynic, and his own teaching included the Cynic adaptation of the Socratic ideals of virtue, endurance, and self-sufficiency. He added to them the explanation of the physical universe given by Heraclitus and something of the logic of Aristotle. The development and organization of Zeno's doctrines into a great system of metaphysics was the work of Chrysippus (c.280–207 B.C. ), successor to Cleanthes. Among the acknowledged leaders of the Stoics in the following period was Panaetius of Rhodes, who in the 2d cent. B.C. introduced Stoicism into Rome. He and his pupil Posidonius sought to lessen the attacks of critics by mingling with the Stoic doctrines some of Plato's psychological views. Cicero, a pupil of…
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Full text Article Stoicism

From Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World
This school of Greek philosophy was founded at Athens around 300 BCE by Zeno, a Cypriot of Phoenician-Greek descent. With its ideal of a virtuous life impervious to misfortune, and its assurance of an ordered universe in which the individual person played a role, Stoicism addressed certain feelings…
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Full text Article Stoicism

From The Columbia Encyclopedia
(stō'ĭsĭzӘm), school of philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium (in Cyprus) c.300 B.C. The first Stoics were so called because they met in the Stoa Poecile [Gr.,=painted porch], at Athens, a colonnade near the Agora, to hear their master Zeno lecture. He had studied with Crates the Cynic, and his own…
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Full text Article Stoicism

From Encyclopedia of Ancient Rome
Important philosophical movement founded in the third century B.C.E. by ZENO of Citium. Named after the Greek stoa or public meeting place, as in Athens where Zeno taught, the idea of Stoicism was to make the lives of humans as orderly as the cosmos. By adhering to the guiding principle of nature it…
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Stoicism was a belief system founded by Zeno of Citium at the end of the fourth century BCE , at a time when the system of Greek city-states was coming to an end and apparent chaos was about to descend. Stoicism reflected this situation until the end of its period of influence, about the beginning…
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Full text Article Stoicism

From The Classical Tradition
The Stoic tradition derives largely from the Roman philosophers Cicero (1st cent. bce ), Seneca the Younger (1st cent. ce ), and Epictetus (1st-2nd cents. ce ). The doctrines of the founders (Zeno, Cleanthes, and Chrysippus) in the 4th and 3rd centuries bce were modified by Panaetius and Posidonius…
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Full text Article Stoicism

From The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization
philosophical movement, founded on *Cyprus by Zeno of Citium, who came to Athens in 313 bc , and, after studying with various philosophers, taught in his own right in the Stoa Poecile (Painted Porch; see painting, greek ). We know little of the institutional organization of the school, except that…
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Full text Article STOICISM

From The Essentials of Philosophy and Ethics
Stoicism, one of the HELLENISTIC schools of philosophy, was founded by ZENO OF CITIUM around 300 BCE. It proved especially popular with the Romans, and famous Stoics included SENECA and the Emperor Marcus AURELIUS . The Stoics were materialists, but also identified God with nature. They held only…
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Full text Article stoicism

From Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Political Thought
A system of teachings named after the stoa poikile (painted porch) in Athens, where Zeno of Cilium began to lecture around 300 BC . Stoicism flourished for over 500 years, and it is normal to distinguish the early, middle and late stoas, the last being exemplified by Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius…
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Full text Article Stoicism

From Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
one of the three leading movements constituting Hellenistic philosophy. Its founder was Zeno of Citium (334–262 b.c .), who was succeeded as school head by Cleanthes (331–232). But the third head, Chrysippus (c.280–c.206), was its greatest exponent and most voluminous writer. These three are the…
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From Encyclopedia of Ancient Literature
The Stoic philosophy is named for the locale in Athens at which one of Stoicism's founders, Zeno of Citium (333–264 BCE ), a native of the island of Cyprus, propounded his views. This was a colonnade or, in Greek, a stoa . The Stoics pursued three avenues of study as they sought to advance their…
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