Land area with a covering of trees and shrubs. While forests have complete coverage of the land surface by the tree canopy, woodlands have broken canopy coverage, which can be as low as 10%, and also include shrub coverage in their area. The character of a wood is determined by its trees. Sometimes a single species dominates, as in a pine or beech wood, but often there is mixture of two or more co-dominants, as in a mixed oak and ash wood. Beneath the tree canopy there is frequently a layer of shrubs and beneath these herbs. Woodland herbs grow in shady conditions and are adapted in various ways to make the best possible use of the available sunlight. The woodland floor provides moist conditions in which mosses and liverworts thrive and many fungi grow in the soil or on rotting wood. The trees themselves provide habitats for other groups, including climbing plants, masses, liverworts, lichens, fungi, and microscopic algae. Temperate climates, with four distinct seasons a year, tend to…