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lighting

From The Columbia Encyclopedia
light produced by artificial means to allow visibility in enclosures and at night. For stage lighting, see scene design and stage lighting . The earliest means of artificial lighting were the open fire, firebrands, and torches. The first lamp was a dish of stone (later of clay, pottery, or metal) containing vegetable or animal oil and a wick. This was succeeded by the candle , first made of wax and later also of tallow, and by the lantern, which is of early origin. The Argand burner was an improved oil lamp with a burner and a chimney, and this type of lamp was widely used after the Canadian geologist Abraham Gesner popularized the use of kerosene. Coal gas was first used as an illuminant in the late 18th cent. by the engineer William Murdock in England and by the engineer Philippe Lebon in Paris. It was used in London in 1802, in Baltimore in 1817, and in New York state in 1823. The invention of the Bunsen burner by the German chemist Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and the invention of the…
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The commercial production of glass lighting was sparked by the discovery of lead crystal c .1676 by the innovatory British glassmaker George Ravenscroft (1632-83). The highly reflective quality of this type of glass, combined with its suitability for prismatic cutting, was exploited to great effect…
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Paul Symes, the visual merchandising manager for London's Fortnum & Mason, has always had an obsessive interest in lighting and technical wizardry. His tips for ensuring a window is well lit are: Ensure all lighting fixtures are cleaned and working before dressing a window. While adjusting…
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Lighting should never be an afterthought. The following should always be considered when creating a display: Does the display lend itself to lighting? Is the display in an area accessible to electric sockets or a lighting track? How will the display be lit? What fittings are required to light the…
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Full text Article lighting

From Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
Use of an artificial source of light for illumination. It is a key element of architecture and interior design. Residential lighting uses mainly either incandescent lamps or fluorescent lamps and often depends heavily on movable fixtures plugged into outlets; built-in lighting is typically found in…
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Full text Article lighting

From The Columbia Encyclopedia
light produced by artificial means to allow visibility in enclosures and at night. For stage lighting, see scene design and stage lighting . The earliest means of artificial lighting were the open fire, firebrands, and torches. The first lamp was a dish of stone (later of clay, pottery, or metal) …
| 1,499 words
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Full text Article lighting

From The Oxford Companion to Theatre and Performance
The very word theatre, a ‘seeing place’ ( *theatron ), implies that a stage will be lighted somehow. Stage lighting began with simple visibility, but a complex interaction of technical advance, theatrical convention, and aesthetic theory has made light a fully plastic medium, and lighting an art. …
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Lighting design in the post-war years became increasingly sculptural, bold, and innovative, with designers exploiting the growing range of new materials available to them. Lighting was no longer viewed by the general public as a merely functional concern, but as an art form that could be produced to…
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Full text Article lighting

From Shakespeare's Theatre: A Dictionary of His Stage Context
The Elizabethan open-air theatres such as the Globe depended on daylight for stage illumination, but the Jacobean indoor theatres such as Blackfriars used artificial lighting such as candles and candelabra with consequent greater control of visual effects. Because there was no actual differentiation…
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Full text Article airport lighting

From An Illustrated Dictionary of Aviation
airport lighting
Various lighting aids that may be installed at an airport. Various types of airport lighting include approach light systems, runway lights or runway edge lights, touchdown zone lighting, runway centerline lighting, threshold lighting, runway identifier lights, vertical approach slope indicator…
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Full text Article ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING

From 100 Ideas that Changed Film
Film lighting has always served three principal functions: to ensure visual clarity; to suggest a scene's authenticity; and to convey atmosphere in order to elicit an emotional response. Despite the use of artificial lighting in photography, most early filming relied on diffuse daylight and took…
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